Life of St. Werburge - Henry Bradshaw
Edited by Catherine A. M. Clarke
chapter 2
Howe the people of Hambury brought the shryne to Chestre / and of the solemne receuyung of it by all the inhabitauntes of Chesshyre.
stanza 34
232In meane tyme the danes
pitously destroyedpiteously, lamentably
The monasteries of Werburge / Trentam & Wedon,
As they many other places had euyll oppressed
In the north and eest part of this region;
The kyngdome of Kent suffred lyke
punicion,similar punishment
The Ile of Wyght endured moche turment:Isle of
Wight / great
torment
So dyd the Westmarches
/ for punysshement.
1
West Marches (i.e. the Welsh Marches,
borders)
stanza 35
239
The people of Hambury, wysely
consyderyng
The comynge of danes vnto Repton,
And of the departure of Burdred, theyr kyng,
2
Howe all Englande was in great
affliction,
And howe they were next to endure
punicion -punishment
Whiche forsayd Repton was distaunt from Hambury
The space of .v. mile, sayth the history -
3
5 miles
stanza 36
246The
Hamburgenses
with all the comons and clergy,The citizens of Hanbury
Dredynge full sore
the pagans
flagellacions,
4
very much / scourgings
Of their lyues desperate
/ but for the shryne specially, despairing for their lives
To our blessed sauiour made dayly
inuocacions
invocations
With vigils, prayers and feruent meditacions,
To preserue the countrey / the relique / the shryne
From daunger of enmite and miserable
ruyne.enmity / ruin
stanza 37
253As they continued in
cotidian prayer,daily
The best remedie sekyng for to fynde
To auoide vexacion and all greuous
daungergrievous
Of theyr great ennemies cursed and
vnkynde,unnatural, foreign
The holy goost inspired theyr
myndeGhost,
Spirit
To take the shryne with great humilite
And brynge it to Chestre from perill and
enmyte.
stanza 38
260
They toke this
riall relique of reuerenceroyal, noble
With great mekenes, deuocion and feruour,
Through the grace of god, theyr helpe and
defence,
Came to-warde Chester with diligence and
honour -
A place preordinat by our sauiour
pre-ordained
Where he body shulde rest and worshipped be,
Magnified with miracles next our
ladie
.next to Our Lady
stanza 39
267Whan the clergie of Chestre and
the citezens
5
Herde tell of the comynge of this noble
abbasse,abbess
They made preparacion and great diligence,
In theyr best-maner worship and
solace
best sort of / joy
To mete this relique of singular grace;special
The great estates / and rulers of the
countray
Were redy to honour saint Werburge that
day.
stanza 40
274First was ordeyned a solemne
procession,arranged
With crosses / and baners / and surges clere lyght,candles
brightly lit
The belles were tolled for ioye and
deuocion;joy
The ministres of god
in coopes redy dight,in copes (liturgical vestments) all
ready and prepared
With censours of siluer / to
encense
her body
right;censors / cense, perfume / properly, fittingly
All
prestis
and clerkes
redy to say and syngepriests
Proceded in ordre / this holy virgin praysyng.
6
Processed in order
stanza 41
281Next to the clergie
approched in degree
came close in rank
The lordes of the
shyre, knyghtes, barons, allshire
With feruent deuocion / praysyng the
trinite
Whiche sent to them suche comfort spirituall.
The citezens
ensued with gladness
cordiall,followed / heartfelt
With bokes and beades /
magnifieng our makerprayers / praising
For this great treasure to kepe them from daunger.
Footnotes
- 1.
- The idea of the Danish raids as a 'punishment' or divine retribution enacted on the people of Britain dates back to contemporary texts from the Anglo-Saxon period. See for example Alcuin, The Destruction of Lindisfarne in Godman, 1985, 127-39 and Wulfstan of York, Sermo Lupi ad Anglos, Whitelock, 1963 or Melissa Bernstein Ser, ed., The Electronic Sermo Lupi ad Anglos. Back to context...
- 2.
- Burgred, King of the Mercians (ruled 852-874). See PASE. Back to context...
- 3.
- Bradshaw's account of the translation of Werburgh is an expanded version of that in Higden's Polychronicon, Book V, Ch. XVIII. See Babington and Lumby, 1865-86, vol. 5, 126-8. Back to context...
- 4.
- Through the metaphor of 'flagellacion', associated with the extreme penitential practice of scourging, Bradshaw further reinforces the idea of the Danish invasions as a penance imposed by God. Back to context...
- 5.
- Bradshaw uses the term 'citizen' in its conventional medieval sense to apply to those residents of the city who had particular rights and privileges. See E.L. Skip Kox, Medieval Society: Towns Back to context...
- 6.
- Bradshaw's stylised description of the procession through the streets of Chester allows him to set out an idealised version of medieval society, adapting the theory of the 'three estates' to depict the well-ordered hierarchy of Chester and its inhabitants. The clergy (the first estate) are followed by the secular nobility (the second estate). After the nobility of the shire come the citizens of Chester - those particular inhabitants of the city who have the full rights and privileges of citizenship. Following the citizens we have the higher-ranking women of Chester, including virgins, widows and wives - the three conditions of woman or 'female estates'. Finally, the commoners (the third estate) end the procession. Bradshaw's vision of the ranks and orders of society represents his own late-medieval experience and ideology, rather than the realities of ninth-century Anglo-Saxon social organisation. For further discussion of the 'three estates' in medieval society and literature see Mohl, 1962 and Medieval Estates and Orders: Making and Breaking Rules: An Overview (Norton Topics Online). Back to context...